domingo, 31 de mayo de 2015

Antepresente

Pretérito perfecto compuesto

Pretérito pluscuamperfecto

Ante presente

Ante copretérito

Ejemplos:

Yo había leído esta historia antes de que tú me la contaras.

Cuando ellos supieron que estaba enferma, ya había muerto.

Para cuando se  enteraron del atentado  la bomba ya había explotado.

Estaba enfadado con su jefe que tan bueno había sido con él.

Cuando se enteraron de la fiesta ya había acabado.

(En la primera oración había leído, antes de que me lo contaras, en la segunda había muerto antes de que lo supieran, pero no se sabe cuanto tiempo ha transcurrido entre una y otra acción).
URL del artículo: http://www.ejemplode.com/12-clases_de_espanol/1845-ejemplo_de_verbos_en_antecopreterito.html

Lo he visto hoy.
Este año ha habido muy buenas cosechas.
Desde que llegaste no he podido respirar tranquilo un minuto.
Es para mí una satisfacción comunicarles que ayer mismo nuestros investigadores han llegado por fin a la resolución total del problema.
Grecia ha legado al mundo todas las bases de la cultura occidental.
Toda mi vida lo he creído un inútil, pero ayer me demostró su gran capacidad.





Present Perfect Simple vs. Progressive

Form

Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Progressive
irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd column of irregular verbs
Example:
I / you / we / they have spoken
he / she / it has spoken
regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + ed
Example:
I / you / we / they have worked
he / she / it has worked
form of 'have' + been + verb + ing
 
Example:
I / you / we / they have been speaking
he / she / it has been speaking
Exceptions
Exceptions when adding 'ed' :
  • when the final letter is e, only add d
    Example:
    love - loved
  • after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled
    Example:
    admit - admitted
  • final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English)
    Example:
    travel - travelled
  • after a consonant, final y becomes i (but: not after a vowel)
    Example:
    worry - worried
    but: play - played
Exceptions when adding 'ing' :
  • silent e is dropped. (but: does not apply for -ee)
    Example: come - coming
    aber: agree - agreeing
  • after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled
    Example: sit - sitting
  • after a vowel, the final consonant l is doubled in British English (but not in American English).
    Example: travel - travelling
  • final ie becomes y.
    Example: lie - lying
See also explanations on Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Progressive

Use

Both tenses are used to express that an action began in the past and is still going on or has just finished. In many cases, both forms are correct, but there is often a difference in meaning: We use the Present Perfect Simple mainly to express that an action is completed or to emphasise the result. We use the Present Perfect Progressive to emphasise the duration or continuous course of an action.
Ambos tiempos expresan una acción que inició en el pasado y aún continua o recién ha terminado, ambas formas son correctas pero frecuentemente existe diferencia en significado. Usamos el Present Perfect Simple principalmente para expresar que una acción ha concluido o para enfatizar el resultado. Usamos el Present Perfect Progressive para enfatizar la duración o el curso continuo de una acción.

Result or duration?

Do you want to express what has happened so far or how long an action has been going on?
¿Quieres expresar lo que ha pasado hasta ahora o por cuanto tiempo la acción ha estado sucediendo?
Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Progressive
Result (what / how much / how often)
Resultado (qué/ cuánto(s)/ qué tan seguido)
I have written 5 letters. / I have been to London twice.
Duration (how long)
Duración (por cuánto tiempo)
I have been writing for an hour.

Certain verbs

The following verbs are usually only used in Present Perfect Simple (not in the progressive form).
Los siguientes verbos suelen usarse sólo en forma simple.
  • state: be, have (for possession only)
    Example: We have been on holiday for two weeks.
  • senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch
    Example: He has touched the painting.
  • brain work: believe, know, think, understand
    Example: I have known him for 3 years.

Emphasis on completion or duration?

Do you want to emphasise the completion of an action or its continuous course (how has somebody spent his time)?
Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Progressive
Emphasis on completion
Énfasis en conclusión
I have done my homework. (Meaning: My homework is completed now.)
He realizado mi tarea = está terminada
Emphasis on duration
Énfasis en duración
I have been doing my homework. (Meaning: That's how I have spent my time. It does not matter whether the homework is completed now.)
He estado haciendo mi tarea = así es como he pasado mi tiempo

Result or side effect?

Do you want to express that a completed action led to a desired result or that the action had an unwanted side effect?
Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Progressive
desired result
Resultado deseado
I have washed the car. (Result: The car is clean now.)
He lavado mi auto (Resultado: el auto está limpio ahora)
unwanted side effect
Resultado colateral no deseado
Why are you so wet? - I have been washing the car. (side effect: I became wet when I was washing the car. It does not matter whether the car is clean now.)

¿Por qué estas tan mojado? -He estado lavando mi auto

Time + negation: last time or beginning of an action?

In negative sentences: Do you want to express how much time has past since the last time the action took place or since the beginning of the action?
Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Progressive
since the last time
desde la última vez
I haven't played that game for years. (Meaning: It's years ago that I last played that game.)
since the beginning
desde el principio
I haven't been playing that game for an hour, only for 10 minutes. (Meaning: It's not even an hour ago that I started to play that game.)

Permanent or temporary?

If an action is still going on and we want to express that it is a permanent situation, we would usually use the Present Perfect Simple. For temporary situations, we would prefer the Present Perfect Progressive. This is not a rule, however, only a tendency.
Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Progressive
permanent
permanente
James has lived in this town for 10 years.(Meaning: He is a permanent resident of this town.)
James ha vivido en este pueblo por diez años (es un residente permanente)
temporary
temporal
James has been living here for a year. (Meaning: This situation is only temporary. Maybe he is an exchange student and only here for one or two years.)
James ha estado viviendo aquí por un año. (es algo temporal, no sabemos por cuanto tiempo más)

Signal words

Palabras clave

Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Progressive
  • how often
  • once, twice, ... times
  • ever, never, always
  • yet, already
  • before
  • so far, for, since
  • how long
  • so far, for, since


Ejercicios


Resultado vs. Duración

Conclusión vs. Duración

Mixtos


domingo, 17 de mayo de 2015

either / neither / so / too

In Positive Statements

1. Using 'So'


Grammar: So + auxiliary/modal verb + pronoun

Note:
We should pay attention to the verb tense used in the statement while choosing our auxiliary form.

Speaker A’s StatementSpeaker B
Celine is watching TV.So am I.
Sam can speak French fluently.So can I.
Terry has completed his master’s degree.So has James.
His parents should be more responsible.So should we.
Stephanie was so worried yesterday.So was I.
Mary and Sam will join the chess club.So will Jessica.
Nathan looks so confident.So do I.


2. Using 'Too'


Grammar: Pronoun + auxiliary/modal verb + Too

Speaker A’s StatementSpeaker B
Celine is watching TV.I am too.
Sam can speak French fluently.I can too
Terry has completed his master’s degree.James has too.
His parents should be more responsible.We should too
Stephanie was so worried yesterday.I was too
Mary and Sam will join the chess club.Jessica will too
Nathan looks so confident.I do too.


In Negative Statements


1. Using 'Neither / Nor'


Grammar: Neither (nor) + auxiliary/modal verb + pronoun

Speaker A’s StatementSpeaker B
Derek isn't sleeping.Neither (nor) am I.
Sandra cannot play the guitar.Neither (nor) can I.
Jennifer hasn't eaten her sandwich.Neither (nor) has James.
They shouldn't complain.Neither (nor) should we.
Stephanie was not worried at all.Neither (nor) was her husband.
Mary and Sam won't attend the meeting.Neither (nor) will I.
Dogs cannot fly.Neither (nor) can cats.


Note:
Although there is a negative statement, we use a positive auxiliary form. Speaker A: He isn't guilty. Speaker B: Nor is Tom. (Not Nor isn't Tom.)


2. Using 'Either'


Grammar: Pronoun + auxiliary/modal verb + Either

Speaker A’s StatementSpeaker B
Derek isn't sleeping.I am not either.
Sandra cannot play the guitar.I can't either.
Jennifer hasn't eaten her sandwich.James hasn't either.
They shouldn't complain.We shouldn't either.
Stephanie was not worried at all.Her husband wasn't either.
Mary and Sam won't attend the meeting.I will not either.
Dogs cannot fly.Cats can't either.


In Informal Interactions


When speaking or in less formal writings, regardless of tense, we can use “me too” and “me neither” in firt person.

All the following examples are acceptable

A: I have been studying a lot recently.
B: Me too.

A: He never attended the class regularly.
B: Me neither.

A: I haven't been feeling very well.
B: Me neither.

(taken from http://www.grammarbank.com/so-neither-either-too.html)



Explanations in video:





Examples:







Examples in video:

Exercises:

http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/esl-too-either-neither1.html

http://www.grammarbank.com/so-neither-either-too-exercise.html

http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=8034

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/so-too-neither-either-exercise-1.html

http://usefulenglish.ru/phrases/phrases-exercise-six